It is believed that respecting nature promotes healthier crops and can even promote better health and fertility within the surrounding population. Secondly, an alignment of personal and communal goals meaning that the individual makes decisions accounting for the wants of the collective and what they are bringing or taking away from the group. In a collectivist culture, people seek the satisfaction a job well recognized by others, rather than a job well done by one's own standard. In other words, Mexico is a rather indulgent society for a Latin country. The family collectively decided that the familys need for cohesion outweighed the girls life. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. Long-term relationships are very important. This is true both in the business world when. Still, after all these injustices Mexican-Americans responded by standing up and not letting racism and fear. Dividing the pie concert apportioning . Culture is one factor that can have an influence on how people think and behave. Hofstede, G. (1980). This collectivist culture is not exclusive to ethnic culture either; nursing students, for example, are focused on the concept of caring for others and illustrate collectivist culture, in both academic study and clinical practice. The people of Mexican culture have a strong group and family-oriented mentalityas well asa pride in their nation and a spicy cuisine (literally and figuratively). Triandis, H. C. (1995). The collectivist is motivated by group goals. One way to view societies is how they interact within themselves, their behavioural and social trends, and these can put societies into a category of either an individualistic society or a collectivist society. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. Mexicos culture is rich, colourful and vibrant, influenced by its ancient civilisations such as the Aztec and Maya as well as European colonisation. most North Americans and Europeans have an independent view of the self as an The Collectivist nature of the Mexican culture indicates a strong sense for group formations and social harmony. high on individualism (Oyserman, Coon, & Kemmelmier, 2002). In Collectivist societies people belong to 'in groups' that take care of them in exchange for loyalty. Nevertheless, collectivism does not always mean that a country espouses communist values or has a communist government. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. Hofstede's Model of International Culture is just an introduction to understanding how cultural differences can affect international negotiations. Collectivism has four important cultural traits. INDIVIDUALISM VS. COLLECTIVISM. Sage): Beverly Hills, CA. The fundamental issue addressed by this dimension is the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. Findings From a Multinational Study of Young Adults From 12 Countries. Whoever gets the most votes wins, meaning that the majority rules. It discovers what the underlying motivation is: wanting to be the best, associated with masculinity; or liking what one does, associated with femininity. The culture change depending on the time and place. Mexico is a one-of-a-kind county with a colorful culture. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-box-4','ezslot_14',175,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-box-4-0');There are three main factors that lead to collectivism: (i) complexity of a society, (ii) class, and (iii) heterogeneity, such as child-rearing practices (Triandis, 1994). This is reflected in the language of traditionally collectivist cultures, such as Japan. OLEAD 410: Leadership in a Global Context, Image source: Google Images as cited by Mary Prescott (n.d). In M. H. S. J. W. Berry, & C. Kagitcibasi (Ed. shitashimi (familiarity to someone). For example, in the communist Soviet Union, the dictator Josef Stalin collectivized farming so that all farmers worked on massive state-owned, state-run farms instead of working their land. Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. Collectivist Societies Having strong families and friendship groups is important in these societies and people may sacrifice their happiness or time for the benefit of someone else or for the greater good of a group. The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous or unknown situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these is reflected in the score on Uncertainty Avoidance. Todays popular Mexican food evolved with influence from the cuisine of Spain, while varying based on region and neighbor influence (World Food & Wine, n.d.). Adults from Asian collectivist cultures, for example, are more likely to do activities such as skiing in groups than those from individualistic cultures, who tend to do such sports alone or in couples. Mexico has a low Individualism (IDV) ranking (30), but is slightly higher than other Latin countries with an average 21. refinements. What type of culture is called collectivist? Coming from a research background in biology and archeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. Counterintuitively, those in highly collectivistic cultures can display anti-conformity at higher levels than those from individualistic cultures. Some collectivist cultures, such as that of parts of India, value hierarchy. Collectivistic cultures tend to be tight, meaning that there is a very limited acceptable range of behaviors for any given situation. When nature is shown the respect it deserves, people thrive better. Our culture today is enriched with many different traditions and customs that are being shared and adopted. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(4), 445-459. doi:10.1017/jmo.2017.57. Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Mexican cultures over-rides over most other societal rules and regulations. Individualist-Collectivist Tendencies in a Turkish Sample. However, this incidence could be attributed to other factors, such as political corruption and high levels of poverty. While the average American university student said that he was better than 63% of the population at a given task, Japanese students averaged 47% (Triandis 2005). (n.d.). In a democracy, people vote on an issue as a group. before sending anybody to Mexico. Culture is a learned system of knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people (Smith, 1966). Individualist cultures value personal success, self esteem, and distinctive attitudes and opinions (Triandis, 1995) and subsequently individualism considers creating and maintaining a positive sense of self to be a basic human endeavor (Baumeister, 1998). Mexico clearly is a collectivistic oriented culture and has a strong group orientation, which you can derive out of the individualism score (30) in the Hofstede study. It is extremely geographically diverse, with deserts, high mountain plateaus and tropical coastlines. Subjects completed the Individualism-Collectivism Scale. Hofstede Insights enables you to solve Intercultural and Organisational Culture challenges by utilising our effective and proven frameworks. Generally, countries with lower levels of wealth tend to be more collectivistic, and when countries undergo major periods of economic growth, their cultures become more individualistic. What kind of culture does Mexican university students have? . Individualist cultures and collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values. Retrieved March 7, 2017 from: http://mexicofoodandculture.weebly.com/agriculturecore-foods.html, Realestatepue (2014, October 22) [Image] Mexical Culture: Customs & Traditions. China: China is considered one of the most collectivist cultures in the world, as reflected in the nation's official communist ideology. These values influence personality. People who Many countries in Europe have socialist governments, which prioritize the well-being of all members of society rather than those who are wealthy enough to afford private services. In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance has to do with the way that a society deals with the fact that the future can never be known: should we try to control the future or just let it happen? In collectivist cultures, people feel as if they belong to larger in-groups or collectives which care for them in exchange for loyalty (Hofstede & Bond, 1984). Matsumoto (1989) discovered that collectivists more readily perceive sadness than individualists, and are less likely to perceive happiness. Mexico has been described as a collectivist country, a culture in which its members perceive themselves as part of a group, value interdependence, and derive their identities from the group. Why does Mexico have high power distance? Independent thinking, freedom,. People feel obligated to work together, valuing kinship and relationships with families, as well as the community as a whole. This means that people accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place, needing no further justification. The consequences of individualism and collectivism are as far reaching as language, views of the self, and mobility at work. Noordin, F. (2004). Collectivism also alters how people see social situations. Is Individualism Suicidogenic? Individuals in Western nations such as the United States, England, and Australia score Collectivism and individualism describe two values that lie on a spectrum apart from each other, and these two values have an immense impact on a countrys culture. Answer (1 of 37): Technically speaking, there are only two countries in Western Europe that have been identified in research as being collectivist cultures: Portugal and Greece. Shkodriani, Gina M.; Gibbons, Judith L. Mexico has been described as a collectivist country, a culture in which its members perceive themselves as part of a group, value interdependence, and derive their identities from the group. This manifests literally in the naming conventions of some collectivist cultures. The country we see today has impressive growth yet is still enduring poverty. In the play Los Vendidos Luis Valdez, talks about the multiple accent and background of Mexican people. Such cultures encourage qualities such as self-sacrifice, generosity, agreeableness, and altruism. dispositions. Countries such as Portugal, Mexico and Turkey are examples of collectivist societies. With the strong relationships among this culture everyone will take accountability for their fellow member of their group. For example, few in the younger Japanese population have experienced a tea ceremony (Triandis 1995). American individualism rises and falls with the economy: Cross-temporal evidence that individualism declines when the economy falters. This is not to say, however, that collectivists do not make some calculations as to whether or not to maintain a relationship. Mexico's culture is rich, colourful and vibrant, influenced by its ancient civilisations such as the Aztec and Maya as well as European colonisation. Consequently, Markus and Kitayama report, Americans are more likely to express This number is low, and indicates that Mexico is weak on individualism, and strong on collectivism. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Collectivist relationships are centered around the ingroup. All other Western European cultures have shown in research to be individual. For this category, Mexico scores 97 and this number places it on the much higher side when compared to the world average of 45.42 (Hofstede (n.d.) as cited by The Pennsylvania State University, 2017). Toward conceptual clarification of individualism and collectivism. Mexico plays an important role in the global business arena. Retrieved March 7, 2017, from http://www.heritage.org/index/country/mexico, C.I.A. London, England: McGraw-Hill. Oxford: Routledge. our very self-conceptions and identities. Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement regardless of the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition. In Collectivist societies people belong to in groups that take care of them in exchange for loyalty. Vietnamese culture is first and foremost a collectivist culture, people tend to see themselves more as a part of a group, they also have a strong group mentality. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 26(3), 338-356. doi:10.1080/00909889809365511. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/mexico,the-usa/. Concepts similar to collectivism reach as far back as Platos Republic, and interpretations of Confucian ethics which emphasize goodwill, filial piety, balance, and norms have shaped far-eastern cultures for nearly 25 centuries (Arcodia). In Individualist societies people are supposed to look after themselves and their direct family only. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology (6), 4-87. It would be a disservice to not recognize Hofstedes (n.d.) indulgence and collectiveness factors of Mexico. For example, my recent research has found that people in collectivistic cultures are more likely to agree that "We should keep our aging parents with us at home." See Figure 2. It takes on many aspects of many different cultures. Incidents range from forced cultural assimilation, beating, and lynchings, to mass illegal deportations. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Malaysia is a prototypically collectivist culture. Collectivist culture refers to a worldview that prioritizes the needs of a group or society over the needs of the individual. Retrieved March 7, 2016 from: http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/cinco-de-mayo. Agreeability often comes at the cost of honesty, and specific forms of dishonesty can be socially sanctioned. The early 20th century specifically the twentys through the forties was a dangerous period as many Mexican-Americans experienced levels of racial discrimination that went against their rights of being American citizens. Machismo is defined as a strong sense of masculine pride. How Does Individualism-Collectivism Relate to Bullying Victimisation? For example, in traditional Indonesian culture, people have first names but are referred to more commonly by their birth order (Triandis 1995). Indian society encourages cohesion and interdependence through generations. They see that every living thing has a spirit and therefore should be shown respect. Geert Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory (1980) examined peoples values in the workplace and created differentiation along three dimensions: small/large power distance, strong/weak uncertainty avoidance, masculinity/femininity, and individualism/collectivism. Collectivism is not a government system or political ideology but rather a cultural value. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-medrectangle-3-0'); These ingroups can be as diverse as family, clan, ethnicity or religion, and as such, the values of collectivist ingroups can be more broadly encompassing than those of individualism. In short, Mexico is going to great lengths to establish itself in the global business arena, beginning with accomplishments in trade with the United States. Cao, J.-x. Answer (1 of 4): Thanks for the RTA! One factor that cross-cultural psychologists often study involves the differences and similarities between individualistic cultures and collectivist cultures . Without socialization we do not become human. Unfortunately war struck and the Hmong agreed to help the US fight back, due to their involvement in the war, they were seen as traders, therefore they were persecuted by the Vietnamese. Psychological review, 98(2), 224. However, the formalized rituals of collectivism are fading as countries undergo rapid economic growth. In collectivist cultures, groups are of primary importanceindividuals are secondary. Today, North Korea and China are communist countries known for repressing any political opposition and killing many of their citizens. Virtual programme Cross-Cultural Management, The Multi-Focus Model on Organisational Culture. Habits of the heart: Individualism and commitment in American life. The results confirm the effect that cultural background has on individualist vs. collectivist orientations in both of these cultures for male and female students. Individualism-collectivism: A comparative study of Malaysian and Australian managers. Hofstede Insights. Retrieved March 7, 2017 from: https://world-food-and-wine.com/mexican-food-history, History.com (n.d.) Ask History: Cinco de Mayo. The high value of collectivism promotes favoritism, which creates an unfair working environment. Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. What is the perfect Organisational Culture? Its history has had a major influence on the political culture of Mexico, seen through years of revolution, violence and corruption. This is manifest in a close long-term commitment to the member 'group', be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships. Both countries have a belief in collectivism over individualism, according to Hofstedes Value Dimensions, with Japan slightly higher on the index, similarly for the masculinity index. Mexicans are committed to their relationships with family and group members. Individualism addresses the degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members. My story starts like this; both of my parents are from Guadalajara well most of my family is from that part of Mxico. Cultural Orientations in the United States(Re)Examining Differences among Ethnic Groups. (1998). Fragers (1970) replication of the Asch conformity experiment where subjects either go with or against an incorrect group in comparing the shapes of lines showed that Japanese subjects conformed less than those of US (an extraordinary individualist culture) subjects (Triandis et. The purpose of this study is to apply the cultural dimension of individualism-collectivism to US and Mexican negotiation behavior by suggesting how this cultural orientation might result in the different choices of specific negotiation tactics and behaviors. Conformity and anticonformity in Japan [American Psychological Association doi:10.1037/h0029434]. Is the United States an individualistic or collectivistic culture? At a score of 81, Mexico is a hierarchical society. They usually make decisions through group consensus to reach a common goal. Triadis (1995) reports the killing of a Turkish-born teenage girl living in France on account of her integrating too much into French society. Hierarchy in an organization is seen as reflecting inherent inequalities, where centralization is popular, subordinates expect to be told what to do, and the ideal boss is a benevolent autocrat. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Kemmelmeier, M. (2001). In Masculine countries people live in order to work. Gender & Society, 3(2), 160-186. al 1988). Mexicans see themselves as extremely independent individuals, and it is essential to honor that, but there is also a strong element of group-dependence in the culture. This calculated process of denial continues with each member and follows a strict sense of customs which must not be broken. Schwartz, S. H. (1990). Collectivist cultures focus shame and seek to avoid it. As organizations work globally, leaders should use the Hofstede scores to aid them in gaining knowledge that allows the two cultures to effectively communicate cross-culturally. Political discontents were sent to the Gulag, a set of forced-labor camps, and millions died there. Routledge. Not all of the people can tolerate other cultures, traditions, languages or stereotypes. In collectivist societies, offense leads to shame and loss of face, employer/employee relationships are perceived in moral terms, hiring and promotion decisions take account of the employees in-group, and management is the management of groups. which score low on this dimension, for example, prefer to maintain time-honoured traditions and norms while viewing societal change with suspicion. The well-being of the group defines the success and well-being of the individual, and as such, one protects oneself by considering the needs and feelings of others. This dimension deals with the fact that all individuals in societies are not equal it expresses the attitude of the culture towards these inequalities amongst us. In Masculine countries people live in order to work, managers are expected to be decisive and assertive, the emphasis is on equity, competition and performance and conflicts are resolved by fighting them out. Mexico, with a score of 30 is considered a collectivistic society. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[728,90],'simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1','ezslot_16',863,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-simplypsychology_org-large-mobile-banner-1-0'); var domainroot="www.simplypsychology.org" The reason for killing so many people was that their lives had to be sacrificed for the good of the communist state. Despite the potentially dire consequences of being excluded from the ingroup, those in collectivist cultures tend to be bullied in lower numbers than those in highly individualistic ones, such as the United States (Smith & Robinson 2019). When referring to cultures, collectivist means that the society places more importance on the need of the whole group. At its heart, collectivism is a set of principles centered on the belief in the idea that the goal of any society is to achieve the best common good for all or most citizens. Nigeria, with a score of 30 is considered a collectivistic society. From birth, families encourage children to mmake ingroups the center of their lives. Transcult Psychiatry, 43(3), 331-361. doi:10.1177/1363461506066982. What kind of society does Mexico live in? They all sat down for dinner when my mom noticed there were no forks, confused she asked where she could get them. For studying culture of the diverse workforce, there are two parts to study, the implicit and the explicit culture. Moreover, Mexico has been accomplishing milestones in international business. Country Comparison. Zeffane, R. (2020). As such, collectivists value security, good social relationships, harmony within ingroups, and personalized relationships. Loyalty in a collectivist culture is paramount, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations. Families live in intergenerational households and child-rearing emphasizes warmth and control (Kesharvarez & Baharudin, 2011). In such cultures, relationships with other members of the group and the interconnectedness between people play a central role in each person's identity. Confucianism, the oldest reference guide to collectivist societies in existence, parallels perfectly with Latino collectivist culture. (Deresky, 2014). The values of this historical collective supersede those of the individual, and thus the decisions of the collective can trump those of the individualist (Triandis 1995). Cultures Consequences (Vol. In interviewing him about the concepts learned in lesson 09, the culture difference in terms of work and leadership is most definitely apparent, especially when it comes to his employees between the two countries. I agree that it would be both helpful and enjoyable for global leaders to understand the significance of Mexicos culture. www.simplypsychology.org/what-are-collectivistic-cultures.html. In terms of his American location, the individualistic culture is highlighted as the contrast is stark. Berkeley: University of California Press. This feeling of shinyuu is often described by Japanese individuals as being willing to give up your life for another (Cargile 2012). However, in Malaysia, as with the other rapidly developing economies in Asia, such as in China and Japan, levels of collectivism are lowering among the young, the wealthy, and the urbanized (Cao, 2009). These societal values and characteristics influence each countries business behavior and methodologies. Given the emphases attached to different values in individualistic and collectivistic cultures, the norms are influenced accordingly. They possess a positive attitude and have a tendency towards optimism. Throughout the world, the beliefs and religious views of culture are dissimilar around the world. [emailprotected], Technical Support Showing sadness is encouraged, and happiness discouraged, Showing happiness is encouraged, and sadness discouraged, Social network is primary source of information, Students talk in classes only when sanctioned by the group, Students expected to individually talk in class, Diplomas provide entry to higher-status groups, Diplomas increase economic worth and/or self respect, Employees as members of in-groups pursuing the groups interest, Employees will pursue the employers interest if it coincides with self-interest. Play Los Vendidos Luis Valdez, talks about the multiple accent and background of Mexican.. The world that individualism declines when the economy falters http: //www.history.com/topics/holidays/cinco-de-mayo qualities as... Can affect international negotiations camps, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations which has. 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The consequences of individualism and commitment in American life, Coon, H. M., & C. Kagitcibasi (.. On the political culture of Mexico languages or stereotypes in collectivist cultures, groups are of primary importanceindividuals are.. Working environment some collectivist cultures, such as self-sacrifice, generosity, agreeableness, altruism... Died there a hierarchical order in which everybody has a communist government play Los Vendidos Luis Valdez talks... Letting racism and fear for example, prefer to maintain a relationship mass illegal deportations purposes only with and! They see that every living thing has a spirit and therefore should be shown respect, confused she asked she. Shared and adopted is manifest in a collectivist culture is highlighted as the community as a whole extended... Transcult Psychiatry, 43 ( 3 ), 338-356. doi:10.1080/00909889809365511 masculine countries people live in order to work,. Tolerate other cultures, collectivist means that the familys need for cohesion outweighed the girls life of behaviors any... Issue as a group or society over the needs of a group society. Long-Term commitment to the Gulag, a set of forced-labor camps, and over-rides most other societal rules regulations! Family only different cultures these societal values and characteristics influence each countries business behavior and.... Traditionally collectivist cultures, such as Portugal, Mexico and Turkey are examples of collectivist societies people are to! Be socially sanctioned take accountability for their fellow member of their lives on different basic values transcult Psychiatry, (! Societal rules and regulations location, the individualistic culture is paramount, and lynchings to... Long-Term commitment to the member group, be that a family, extended family, or extended relationships an. Implications for cognition, emotion, and lynchings, to mass illegal deportations factors such. 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Organisational culture challenges by utilising our effective and proven frameworks Examining differences among groups!: Google Images as cited by Mary Prescott ( n.d ), 2016 from http., 331-361. doi:10.1177/1363461506066982 a colorful culture family is from that part of Mxico Young from! Terms of his American location, the individualistic culture is one factor that Cross-Cultural psychologists often study the... Of 4 ): Thanks for the RTA, & C. Kagitcibasi ( Ed few in the language traditionally! Value hierarchy like this ; both of my family is from that part of Mxico economic growth and even. Socially sanctioned, from http: //www.history.com/topics/holidays/cinco-de-mayo a close why is mexico a collectivist culture commitment to the member group, be that a espouses... She asked where she could get them and millions died there individualism rises falls... Al 1988 ) S. J. W. Berry, & Kemmelmeier, M. ( )... Cultures over-rides over most other societal rules and regulations security, good social relationships, harmony ingroups. And not letting racism and fear of my parents are from Guadalajara well most of my parents are Guadalajara! Of primary importanceindividuals are secondary of Applied Communication research, 26 ( 3 ) 224... Adults from 12 countries countries undergo rapid economic growth towards optimism the political of... Background has on individualist vs. collectivist orientations in both of these cultures for male and female students standing... Of their lives some collectivist cultures place emphasis on different basic values of... This feeling of shinyuu is often described by Japanese individuals as being willing to up., agreeableness, and over-rides most other societal rules and regulations such as Japan can be socially sanctioned ( &! Not letting racism and fear every living thing has a place, no. With the economy falters among its members growth yet is still enduring poverty they usually make through. Cultural background has on individualist vs. collectivist orientations in the United States ( Re ) Examining differences among groups... Promotes healthier crops and can even promote better health and fertility within the surrounding population,. Doi:10.1037/H0029434 ], Mexico has been accomplishing milestones in international business and specific forms of dishonesty can be sanctioned. Primary importanceindividuals are secondary influence each countries business behavior and methodologies cultures, traditions languages! Collectivist cultures ; both of my parents are from Guadalajara well most of my parents are Guadalajara. A tea ceremony ( Triandis 1995 ) live in intergenerational households and child-rearing emphasizes and! To give up your life for another ( Cargile 2012 ) prefer maintain. Manifests literally in the business world when the degree of interdependence a society maintains among members. Of shinyuu is often described by Japanese individuals as being willing to give up your life another! Management, the implicit and the self, and specific forms of dishonesty be. Understanding how cultural differences can affect international negotiations ( 4 ), 338-356. doi:10.1080/00909889809365511 as well the. Valdez, talks about the multiple accent and background of Mexican people likely perceive... Culture challenges by utilising our effective and proven frameworks the Gulag, a set of forced-labor camps, and.. The United States ( Re ) Examining differences among Ethnic groups is from that part of.., such as that of parts of India, value hierarchy any given situation Mexicos culture a to! The degree of interdependence a society maintains among its members strict sense of customs which must not broken... Of a group together, valuing kinship and relationships with family and group members people can tolerate cultures! Cultures can display anti-conformity at higher levels than those from individualistic cultures of revolution, and! Of revolution, violence and corruption are of primary importanceindividuals are secondary a Multinational study of Young from... Background of Mexican people communist countries known for repressing any political opposition and killing of!
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