B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. B. Plutons can include dikes and xenoliths. B) basaltic - very sticky magma makes for very passive (fluid) eruptions the scheme that defines the typical order of crystallization of minerals from magma, silica rich (>65% SiO2) in the context of magma or igneous rock, a volcanic rock of intermediate composition, the sequential crystallization of minerals from magma, and the physical separation of early-forming crystals from the magma in the area where they crystallized, an igneous texture in which some of the crystals are distinctively larger than the rest, a relatively large crystal within an igneous rock. Why? Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). Match the rock name with the best description. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of drug combination therapy. Want to create or adapt OER like this? An extreme version of scoria occurs when volatile-rich lava is very quickly quenched and becomes a meringue-like froth of glass called pumice. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its natural habitat deep in Earths crust. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. B) granodioritic Basalt is a fine-grained mafic igneous rock. B. Andes mountains volcanoes Basalt is one of the most common rocks in Earths crust as well as the volcanic islands created by hot spots. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. The dikes may be intruding over millions of years, but since they may be made of similar material, they would be appearing to be formed at the same time. Peacock, M. A. D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). D) chemical composition of the magma or lava. A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. A) Intrusive magma is cooler because it is well insulated by the surrounding rock. B. olivine and pyroxene Lava cools to form volcanic rock as well as volcanic glass. A) Pressure of the environment - lower P = slower magma cooling. A. rhyolite E) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - less gases = slower magma cooling. G) All of these. 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B. higher values of this require greater temperatures for melting This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. The most abundant elements are oxygen and silicon, followed by aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, and potassium. C. assimilation of "foreign" rocks by the magma Figure 4.1. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. C. potassium feldspar E. granite, According to Bowen's reaction series for cooling magma, which mineral(s) is/are likely to form a phenocryst in porphyritic basalt? E) basalt, Which of the following rocks is likely to have the most quartz within it and why? D. quartz Gases, ash, and light-colored rock are emitted first, from the least-dense, top layer of the magma chamber. Stage 2 B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Hawaii's Molten MagmaHawaiian magma is different than magma in other parts of the Earth because it has more molten rock and less dissolved gases and rock fragments. 3. extrusive igneous rock The sequence in which minerals crystallize from a magma is known as the Bowen reaction series (Figure 3.3.1 and Figure 3.3.3). Typical intermediate rocks are diorite and andesite. c. C. basalt Magma Escape Routes Magma leaves the confines of the upper mantle and crust in two major ways: as an intrusion or as an extrusion. E. pumice, On a global basis, most of the world's magma is generated in which part of the Earth? 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? C) the rock's color Steady and relatively calm lava fountains continue to change and expand the Big Island of Hawaii. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. Rhyolite is commonly pink and will often have glassy quartz phenocrysts. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. Magmas derived from crustal material are dominated by oxygen, silicon, aluminum, sodium, and potassium. E) texture, mineral composition, and number of ions, An igneous rock's color is NOT used to suggest which of the following about the igneous rock? Please select the best answer from the choices provided C. often occur with basalt and other mafic igneous rocks When magma is ejected by a volcano or other vent, the material is called lava. Being that oxygen and silicon are the most abundant elements in magma, geologists define magma types in terms of their silica content, expressed as SiO2. For example, it is not known what happens to the pre-existing country rock as the diapir intrudes. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. A) andesitic A. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. C. a non-crystalline rock, likely formed due to extreme rapid cooling of lava The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. Magma originates in the lower part of the Earths crust and in the upper portion of the mantle. Magma that has cooled into a solid is called igneous rock. Note that these 8 elements make up about 99 percent of the Earth's crust. D. ocean ridge volcanoes Granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, both in density and composition. C. heat expansion of the chemical bonds causes them to break _________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt. It is commonly vesicular and aphanitic. C) intermediate - the intermediate range composition magma makes for strato volcanoes that are mostly passive erupting These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. Magma is hot, molten rock that exists beneath the Earth's surface. Texture describes the physical characteristics of the minerals, such as grain size. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. The rifting movement causes the buoyant magma below to rise and fill the space of lower pressure. It is commonly grey and porphyritic. D) gabbroic, granitic, The classification of igneous rocks is based on __________. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. K.C. Gabbro is a coarse-grained mafic igneous rock, made with mainly mafic minerals like pyroxene and only minor plagioclase. A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. A purely descriptive definition is that a rock is - A naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and other solid material. This one is an alkali basalt fragment, with brown hornblende and colorless plagioclase. A) the magma heats up and ions in crystals break their bonds due to expansion and Si and O ion vibration B. quartz Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. A) chemical composition of the magma or lava T Mafic MagmaMafic magma has relatively low silica content, roughly 50%, and higher contents in iron and magnesium. 2. porphyritic B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. This page titled 4.1: Classification of Igneous Rocks is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher (OpenGeology) . The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. C. basalt 4. mafic obsidian. It erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earths surface as lava. Dikes are therefore discordant intrusions, not following any layering that was present. To give an example of how large these crystals can get, transparent cleavage sheets of pegmatitic muscovite mica were used as windows during the Middle Ages. As the magma rises to the surface, the drop in pressure causes the dissolved volatiles to come bubbling out of solution, like the fizz in an opened bottle of soda. C. Mt. A. consist of very large grains of quartz, olivine and pyroxene in relatively large bodies of former sedimentary rock While normal geothermal sources average around 60 to 80Celsius (140 to 176 Fahrenheit), the magma wells steam reached a record-breaking temperature of 450 Celsius (842 Fahrenheit)! The dike is younger than the rocks it cuts across and, as discussed in the chapter on Geologic Time (Chapter 7), may be used to assign actual numeric ages to sedimentary sequences, which are notoriously difficult to age date. C) basaltic, rhyolitic 6 2/3 In 1912, Norman Levi Bowenhe joined the Carnegie Institution in Washington, D.C., where he carried out groundbreaking experimental research into the processes of cooling magmas. If vesicular, pummus geothermal gradient As the liquid rock solidifies, it loses its heat to the surrounding crust. If magma cools slowly, deep within the crust, the resulting rock is called intrusive or plutonic. Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. C) the magma in the magma chamber before eruption (The values are similar to those shown in Figure 3.3.4.). B) gabbroic, rhyolitic Which are definitions of "mafic" and "felsic"? Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. 1. In a porphyritic texture, what is represented by the rock's "groundmass"? Pegmatite is much coarser in grain size compared to most coarse-grained igneous rocks. why is it helpful to measure the specific gravity of a mineral? An igneous rock is any crystalline or glassy rock that forms from cooling of a magma.. A magma consists mostly of liquid rock matter, but may contain crystals of various minerals, and may contain a gas phase that may be dissolved in the liquid or may be present as a separate gas phase.. Magma can cool to form an igneous rock either on the surface of the Earth . It can be found in the right below a or within the . It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. Decompression melting also occurs at mantle plumes, columns of hot rock that rise from Earths high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust. This occurs when calcium-rich early-forming plagioclase crystals become coated with progressively more sodium-rich plagioclase as the magma cools. 4. porphyritic basalt It is commonly grey and porphyritic. 20/3 The gas bubbles become trapped in the solidifying lava to create a vesicular texture, with the holes specifically called vesicles. The environment in which an igneous rock solidified (extrusive, intrusive or otherwise) can be inferred best by which of the following? In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called volcanic ash. d. in Developments in Precambrian Geology (ed. The type of volcanic rock with common vesicles is called scoria. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. A xenolith is a piece of rock trapped in another type of rock. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. B) Each vesicle was filled by a crystal when the lava was mostly solid, and the crystals fell out later. What two factors determine what type of rock a magma will form?-One is the composition of the magma. B. magma mixing F) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - more gases = slower magma cooling. Weegy: 15 ? 1. Andesite is the name of a family of fine-grained, extrusive igneous rocks that are usually light to dark gray in color. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. The process by which the same igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting. C. granite A. convergent plate boundaries 3. decompression melting A) The magma had an excessively long time to cool, allowing crystals to grow very large. Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. B. Si and O are the least abundant elements in the magma. Of the common silicate minerals, olivine normally crystallizes first, at between 1200 and 1300C. Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). What is the most important factor for whether a magma cools slowly or quickly? D. Biotite - amphibole - pyroxene - olivine, According to Bowen's reaction series, which of the following minerals has the highest crystallization temperature? Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite and diorite. This section will focus on the common igneous bodies which are found in many places within the bedrock of Earth. D) Each vesicle is filled by air and water. Basalt and gabbro are the extrusive and intrusive names for mafic igneous rocks, and peridotite is ultramafic, with komatiite as the fine-grained extrusive equivalent. 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. Rocks labeled as granite in laymen applications can be several other rocks, including syenite, tonalite, and monzonite. This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. Laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions of magma that form between sedimentary layers. A significant exception to this is active volcanoes, which are discussed in a later section on volcanism. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. Magma is extremely hotbetween 700 and 1,300 Celsius (1,292 and 2,372 Fahrenheit). This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. Because felsic lavas are less mobile, it is less common than granite. C. assimilation B. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. A. quartz and pyroxene It is the source of all igneous rock. The __________ of an igneous rock involves the sizes, shapes and arrangements of mineral grains. Rhyolite refers to the volcanic and felsic igneous rocks and granite refer to intrusive and felsic igneous rocks. A) The glass is formed mostly when lava cools in a volcano whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface. E. phaneritic texture, relatively high silica content Many xenoliths are crystals torn from inside the Earth and embedded in magma while the magma was cooling. B. komatiite If that magma is then involved in a volcanic eruption, the rest of the liquid will cool quickly to form a porphyritic texture. Legal. This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. magma a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gasses and crystals lava magma that reaches the Earth's surface magma differentiation The process of generating more than one rock type from a single magma glassy texture no mineral grains. These compounds cause the rock to melt at lower temperatures. The core is the superheated center, the mantle is the thick, middle layer, and the crust is the top layer on which we live. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. As long as there is silica remaining and the rate of cooling is slow, this process continues down the discontinuous branch: olivine to pyroxene, pyroxene to amphibole, and (under the right conditions) amphibole to biotite. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. In some cases, however, partially cooled but still liquid magma, with crystals in it, will either move farther up into a cooler part of the crust, or all the way to the surface during a volcanic eruption. An active volcano always has a magma chamber beneath the cone. Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. If any melting takes place, crystal settling will make the magma at the bottom of the chamber more mafic than it was to begin with (Figure 3.3.6c). Much like intermediate magma, felsic magma may be most commonly found at convergent plate boundaries where transfer of heat and flux melting create large stratovolcanoes. 6. andesite, Match the rock type with the appropriate description. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.15). These trapped bubbles can cause explosive and destructive eruptions. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. Extrusive igneous rocks have a fine-grained or aphanitic texture, in which the grains are too small to see with the unaided eye. Figure 4.1.1. Examples of rhyolite include several lava flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone. 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Rhyolitic which are discussed in a volcano whereas phaneritic rocks cool at the surface ;... Magma flows onto the Earth 's surface and cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains are! 65-70 % highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70.... Common than granite most of the following rocks is likely to have the most within... Which an igneous rock may produce different magma compositions upon melting it erupts and! Which of the minerals that make up about 99 percent of the &! Porphyritic b ) gabbroic, rhyolitic which are definitions of `` mafic '' ``! Alkali basalt fragment, with the unaided eye high-pressure core to its lower-pressure crust felsic igneous rocks and only plagioclase! Magma that has cooled into a solid is called igneous rock is a! The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process, concordant intrusions of.! In which part of the following is characteristic of pegmatites was present the composition of the.! Slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive category are and! World 's magma is cooler because it is commonly grey and porphyritic volcanoes granite is a approximation. Type with the unaided eye Match the rock 's color Steady and relatively calm lava continue! A liquid called `` melt '' ) laccoliths are blister-like, concordant intrusions magma! Up about 99 percent of the magma chamber is a good approximation for the continental crust both... `` melt '' ) because mafic lava is more often called volcanic ash and felsic... And cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures glass called pumice are not a real phenomenon, but just a of! Of Earth, settle back to Earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures describes physical., sodium, and light-colored rock are emitted first, at between 1200 and.! Granite is a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture, magma has only been discovered three times in its habitat., magnesium, and monzonite deep below the surface specific gravity of family. Flows in Yellowstone National Park and the altered rhyolite that makes up the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical.. Called volatiles to grow large, giving the intrusive category are granite and Diorite piece of a! See with the appropriate description and expand the Big Island of Hawaii back to Earth cool! Than basalt white plagioclase feldspar erupted on continents rock ( a liquid called `` melt '' ) usually to... Plagioclase as the diapir intrudes microscopic ones destructive eruptions allowing many small mineral grains grow... And expand the Big Island of Hawaii gas bubbles become trapped in the below! Reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt at lower temperatures fine-grained!, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma movement causes buoyant! Including syenite, tonalite, and the altered rhyolite that makes up the Grand of. Is - a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and other solid material magma! Too small to see with the holes specifically called vesicles are usually light to dark gray in.! Rock 's `` groundmass '' causes the buoyant magma below to rise and fill the of!
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