As the weather cools, the foliage turns a rich mahogany, enhancing this plant's appeal. The interesting thing about Plumbago flowers is their ability to produce a sticky substance that traps and kills insects. Stems are thin and somewhat vine-like, keeping its form delicate even in mass plantings. I was leaning toward "lily of the nile" because the leaves have such a different texture compared to the plumbago. 19. plumbago plant likes well drained fertile soil that can easily drain the water and it should be slightly acidic potting mix. Plumbagos phlox-like blue or white flowers attract butterflies and give off a pleasant fragrance. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. This shrub needs ample of area to grow and it can thrive in any landscape and a gardener doesnt have any problem when growing them. 8. Since the date palms grow on your street, you know how big they get, and you're right, 'majestic' is the word! Most people think that this plant needs pruning after it has bloomed, you can do it but the plant does that on its own. When planting Plumbago in pots, use a high-quality soil mix. Spreads slowly, providing wonderful drifts of color. (Fertilizer)How do you keep plumbago blooming? Now Put this cutting in a fresh potting mix and moist it. They seem to have the same water requirements of the p. too. Flowers The flowers of the Blue Plumbago plant are an intense blue on slender stems with a pale green leaf and look similar to a phlox flower. The plumbago plant stands out with its evergreen foliage and elegant, blue flowers. I also added three blue potato bushes and three Canary Island Date Palms (volunteer seedlings found in my yard planted every ten feet). lachte: Have thought a bit more about your question today. Most gardeners report minimal caterpillar damage, so you can install this host with confidence. I wouldn't break the color for the height of the room. The ideal soil is organically-rich and loamy, with a pH that falls between about 5.5 to 7.5. Lush althea cutting cut short by landscaper, how can I save it? The easy-going Plumbago plants can easily be grown in Mediterranean gardens, cottage gardens, butterfly gardens, and other types of landscapes. Propagation of plumbago is by the stem or by seeds. They have been used internally in the treatment of indigestion, colic, severe constipation, coughs and dysentery. Ah, I hadn't thought about frost keeping the erythrina smaller, good point. Could you check the name of your palms? Though non-native, this species is considered a Florida-Friendly plant and labeled by the UF/IFAS Assessment as low invasion risk. It is sometimes called Cape plumbago, leadwort, or sky flower. Within 3- 4 weeks roots will develop and new leaves will grow. Its in your clear view and you can easily find time to prune it , it will not dramatically spread like a honeysuckle. Does our new rug look good with furniture. Fast-growing, Creeping Phlox forms a pretty flower carpet and adds a splash of color for about 3-4 weeks. Take cuttings of about an index finger or an index finger and a half. Does anyone have any plant suggestions? Use a good potting medium with a neutral pH and make sure the container leaves plenty of room for your shrub to grow. Average Frost Dates | Use this calculator at Almanac.com. Deer, on the other hand, dont find the plant very appetizing. Add modern house numbers underneath that. The easy-going Plumbago plants can easily be grown in Mediterranean gardens, cottage gardens, butterfly gardens, and other types of landscapes. Sellers looking to grow their business and reach more interested buyers can use Etsys advertising platform to promote their items. The best method to propagate plumbago is using stem cutting and the other technique is root propagation. Plumbago shrubs need plenty of room. Dried Oak Leaf Miruna is an experienced content writer with a passion for gardening. The flowers are white, blue, purple, red, or pink, with a tubular corolla with . Original Price 73.29 You can change your preferences any time in your Privacy Settings. It has escaped from cultivation and become naturalized outside of its native range. Plumbago indica. Green leaves turn red and purple in fall, and this is an excellent groundcover to plant in areas that are in between other trees and plants. Does plumbago like full sun? All parts of Plumbago are poisonous, so its best to handle this plant with care. A white taproot appearing is how to know when seeds are mature after germinating. Roots are light coloured inside, when fresh and reddish brown, when dry. Because the two genera have similar common names, and one of them has plumbago in its scientific name, youll find a mix of descriptions. As an Amazon Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases. A beautiful springtime garden addition and an effective deer repellent, daffodils hit every mark! Tips: Understanding Frosts & Freezing For Gardeners Buy Now $6 US Email* Name* This site is spam-free. Share your garden joys & woes! The seed pods are few in each flower head so the majority is not seed pods. About the crista-galii, the biggest i have seen them here in Fresno is less than 10 feet tall. Plumbago plants are sprawling shrubs with branches that resemble vines. This type of data sharing may be considered a sale of information under California privacy laws. Required fields are marked *. Everything is still fairly small, so i planted some cannas for quick color. Is this kind of investment going to pay off in your neighborhood? Slightly acidic, slightly alkaline, clay, sand, or loam where to grow plumbago in your zone is really a matter of where to dig the hole! The first step is sowing the seeds in small pots that are filled with healthy soil. Plant plumbago anytime of the year. I hope you get the answer on Plumbago Info and various other care aspects and if you want to read more such articles check below. Only 8 to 12 inches high, it forms mats 12 to 18 inches across. Use good seedling mix and cover the seeds lightly. For Stem Cutting just Cut a 4-5 inch healthy stem and remove bottom leaves of plumbago about 2 inch, now use rooting hormone and apply on the stem base. This plant can grow to about 1 foot high and 1 1/2 feet wide via rhizome. Set the germination pot on a heat mat set to 75 F. The seeds require bright but indirect sun. Cocoplum, a South Florida native, is an outstanding texture plant with a "beachy" look, producing an edible plum which many critters (including people) enjoy. Double-check that this is possible, because plumbago is vulnerable to frost and will suffer if temperatures drop below 32F (0C). I'd like to stick with the pink/blue theme. For more on native and Florida-Friendly plumbago species, contact your county Extension office. Plumbago foliage is bright green, of medium density, and remains evergreen in frost-free areas of the state. For most persons, its insignificant but some persons are naturally more sensitive and might need to see a doctor if itching or reddish patches appear. Introduction. In spring and summer, take the time to add a little flower plant fertilizer every now and then. I really can't bear the thought of digging it all out and putting in a drainage system. In warm climates, they can be cultivated outdoors and will easily adapt to any type of garden. Are you growing Plumbago? (Maybe you can recoup some of the door expense on the secondary resale market.) I think you have enough room to place it nearer the kitchen bar area, angled to the FP and close to a future coffee table. There are many uses in the landscape for the plumbago plant. People love to grow them in balcony also and having one such variety will benefit you as this can tolerate more harsh climate. Here is the Best pruner for Cutting Plumbago Check Price on Amazon. This is a drought-tolerant plant that doesnt need a lot of water, and it grows to about 2 feet tall. Those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you. If you water plumbago daily in spring to fall it is likely to thrive best in that schedule, once winters come you should reduce watering but dont stop and basically what I did is In summer or winter I must check the top soil for dry because it avoids any issues related to root rot. But if you really do have the big ones, give them a lot of room, as they are difficult to move when they get large and the spines are fully developed. Hi Central cali369--I am a big fan of palms, and and like to see them used in landscapes. When freezing temperatures threaten, how to care for plumbago becomes a matter of cutting it back and putting it in your garage or any area where it will be protected from frost and freeze. Grow them in a warm location with plenty of bright indirect light, but out of direct sunlight. The plant can tolerate full sun to partial shade. Yes, sorry, I should have mentioned that - aucuba and lamium prefer partial shade spots. plumbago: [noun] any of a genus (Plumbago of the family Plumbaginaceae, the plumbago family) of chiefly tropical herbs and shrubs with alternate leaves and spikes of showy flowers. Read our Cookie Policy. Give it full sun if possible; partial sun is fine. A good option for. Plumbago shrubs need plenty of room. Neutral pavers for your driveway replacement (although I do think colored concrete in general would be the better economic choice). Plumbago is a profuse bloomer (although the white version is less profuse) in a sunny or shady location and everywhere in-between. Here's a younger one with some people in the pic for scale -- you can see how bulky they are: Sorry for the hijack, kigmy! Sorry everyone for the CONFUSION. You can also propagate Plumbago via clump division and layering. Let us know in the comments! Growing plumbago is very easy and there are multiple locations where you can grow them and they can easily thrive there. There is a "Tuskeegee" (bright pink) crape myrtle (or crepe myrtle, depending on your preference) in front of the plumbago on the one end. Learn more. This name might also be linked to the practice of using Plumbago to make blueish paint colours. You will also get the benefit of checking the blue flower and that makes it exotic flowering plant. Evergreen foliage, cascading form, and persistent fruits give plumbago some winter interest. You can train it on a trellis. This perennial salvia is quite easy to grow and will reward you with gorgeous blooms year after year. This sprawling, mounding, somewhat vine-like, evergreen shrub is quite outstanding because it is covered most of the year with clusters of pale blue, phlox-like flowers (Fig. Zones 5-9. In colder climates, they can also grow healthy and happy in containers. Its best to sow one seed in each pot and to cover the holes with soil completely. Plumbago needsfull sunfor best growth and flowering. Upper leaves looked ok other than a few leaves having some black spots on them. Wisteria, mandevilla, honeysuckle and climbing rose are popular vines that work well. Plumbago auriculata is an attractive evergreen shrub. You can recognize giant hogweed in part by its size: It can grow to 14 feet high or higher and has hollow, rigid stems 2 to 4 inches in diameter. Although it generally resists diseases well, plumbago regularly experiences aphid onslaughts. Useful fast growing screen plant for hedges or on its own. Shop Rain Chains, Planters, Bird houses and Baths, Outdoor Decor and so much more! Turning off the personalized advertising setting wont stop you from seeing Etsy ads or impact Etsy's own personalization technologies, but it may make the ads you see less relevant or more repetitive. The peacock-blue flowers are flattish and held wide open, just 3/4-inch across yet very prominent against the small, bright green leaves. That variegated aucuba would be very nice! Theres a wedge shaped bed 30 feet long and about 12 feet wide on the wide end, and i am also in zone 9. The blossoms have five petals that curl up a bit at their ends. Place a layer of pebbles at the bottom of the container to encourage drainage. If that's what you are expecting, that's fine, but they won't remain the size you have sketched above. If you are trying to keep plants extra short, Butterfly Weed can be pruned. The plumbago thats also known as leadwort or hardy plumbago is Ceratostigma plumbaginoides, a native of China. However, you can also grow this attractive plant indoors where it will generally remain smaller. Plumbago plants will usually produce blooms during the summer, but when grown in conditions that mimic their native environment, they can bloom year-round. Is this your "forever" house, or a move-up house? Seeds, stem and root cuttings, and division all work. Do not fertilize in the late summer, as this will promote tender new growth that will be vulnerable and could weaken the plant as the fall temperatures cool. Stem cuttings are the easiest way to propagate Plumbago, but they are not as successful as root cuttings. Keep in mind that anyone can view public collectionsthey may also appear in recommendations and other places. This variety is native to the Mediterranean and Middle East but can grow as far north as England. Although tender, it can be grown outside in summer, trained up a trellis or obelisk. The white plumbago ( Plumbago auriculata 'Alba') looks similar; only it has brilliant snow-white flower heads. Will keep the room more open. Its highly recommended to use protective gloves when pruning Plumbago. But maybe you have something else, a different name? Need advice? Theyre light and covered with small hooks and will stick to your clothing. Cape leadwort, Plumbago auriculata, is a vigorous, evergreen climber typically use for covering large conservatory walls. Perhaps an architectural feature such as a birdbath in a classic design might be a focal point of your scheme. Luckily, getting rid of aphids isnt very difficult and you can learn more about this problem from our. Sun. Bees are also often attracted to the nectar. Plants can be cut right back in winter, or you can remove frost-damaged growth in spring. In the end, cuttings are best because they guarantee 100% similarity to the mother plant. Theres a wedge shaped bed 30 feet long and about 12 feet wide on the wide end, and i am also in zone 9. This grows well in USDA plant hardiness zones 5-9. Yes! This is a warm-climate plant, growing in zones 8-11 (if you live in Southern California, especially San Diego County, youll see this shrub almost everywhere, lining slopes and roadsides). The purpose of this process is not very clear, but some of the most plausible explanations are pollination, protection, seed set, or for nutrition purposes (which would make these plants protocarnivorous). Both species of plumbago develop sprawling, mounded shapes. She is the proud owner of an outdoor rose garden and an indoor collection of tiny succulents. It grows in zones 8-11 and does well along the Gulf Coast regions and Florida. Colder zones require mulching around the roots.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'gardenloversclub_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_3',803,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-gardenloversclub_com-large-leaderboard-2-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'gardenloversclub_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_4',803,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-gardenloversclub_com-large-leaderboard-2-0_1');.large-leaderboard-2-multi-803{border:none!important;display:block!important;float:none!important;line-height:0;margin-bottom:7px!important;margin-left:auto!important;margin-right:auto!important;margin-top:7px!important;max-width:100%!important;min-height:250px;padding:0;text-align:center!important}. The leaves are spirally arranged, simple, entire, 0.5-12 cm (0.20-4.72 in) long, with a tapered base and often with a hairy margin. You can shape it to trail up and over structures, like trellises or archways. Plumbago plants will benefit from getting a little fertilizer every two weeks in spring and summer. The name of this plant family comes from the Latin word plumbum (which means lead) and it might originate from the fact that people used to think this plant was an effective cure for lead poisoning (not scientifically proven). Again, youll have to cut it back after the first frost and blanket the area with heavy mulch, but in the spring, your plumbago plant will re-emerge to bloom from summer to fall. Name Plumbago auriculata Dead nettle, also known as Lamium, is a low-growing perennial with silver-splashed leaves and bursts of purple, pink, or white flowers that pop up in spring and early summer. Pinterest Purple fountain grass would make a nice contrast. Both species require regular watering until established but are moderately drought tolerant afterwards. Butterflies love sipping up the sweet nectar. Dampen a paper towel but don't soak it in water. There are several ways to propagate plumbago. It prefers shade, but . USDA Hardiness Zone. Sometimes called doctorbush, P. zeylanica is our Florida-native white plumbago. Adding this . MADE a MISTAKE here on the items in question. Help Choosing Roof Color for my English Tudor. Birds and butterflies love plumbago for different reasons. Garden Lovers Club 2014-2023 All Rights Reserved, Fritillaria Care: Complete Fritillaria Growing Guide, 11 Perfect Wyoming Perennials for Your Yard (Plus Care Tips). While we cant speak to any medicinal properties, this plant is a host for the larvae of the cassius blue butterfly (Leptotes cassius) and other lepidopterans. So far, I have 11 "Royal Cape" plumbago plants spaced 3 feet apart, along the back. I added 36, 40 pound bags of topsoil to this bed in an attempt to raise it up out of the muck, with no success. This small rambling shrub offers up a bounty of blue flower clusters irresistible to both butterflies and gardeners. Lighter blue flowers that do not have those curly petal edges distinguish cape plumbago. Plumbago thrives in USDA zones 9-11 where they can be grown as evergreen shrubs. Caring for this plant, from planting to pruning, are good practices that will help you obtain a beautiful blooming. you can use this iron acidic fertilizer that can solve the problem. And I agree with jkom, some contrasting foliage plants might add more to the look than "matchy matchy" blue flowers that blend into the plumbago. She bought her first succulent 10 years ago - an adorable Echeveria Setosa. Paint it white. Sign up for our newsletter. They are hardy and generally easy to care for. Subzones. Is plumbago winter hardy? Some of the technologies we use are necessary for critical functions like security and site integrity, account authentication, security and privacy preferences, internal site usage and maintenance data, and to make the site work correctly for browsing and transactions. What's wierd about this planting area is that end of it has terrible drainage and the other end can be quite dry. Frequent watering after planting is required. get two bookshelves in dark honey shad and place at both sides. I had to move it to a shadier spot. Most of the plants in this category are perennial means they keep coming every year and its name deduce from latin word plumbum agere means lead to resemble . GardenLoversClub.com is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for sites to earn advertising fees by advertising and linking to Amazon.com. Core Clematis montana facts Name Clematis montana, Clematis alpina bestows us with purple blue blooming that is simply beautiful. would a wrap around porch look good on this ranch home. So I used, No, Plumbago is not an invasive plant, It is a good shrub plant that spreads but not that much that you will call for help. This native to South Africa is a real butterfly magnet with its numerous flower stalks that cover the plant. You can prune it 2/3 of its size to avoid any pests or diseases. And you will see flowering from spring to autumn most likely this is the time the plant looks gorgeous. Clematis montana, or Mountain Clematis, is a vine that is simply beautiful. Do some outdoor drapes on the side overhang if you want to use that area as a porch. In early Summer by trimming or cutting back a stalk 1/3 of the height. Dwarf Blue Plumbago thrives in good soil or poor, in heat or cold, in sun or shade (partial shade is ideal). Identifiable by its large leaves and small bell-shaped flowers, which can be pink, white, or purple. They may take anywhere from 14 to 120 days. I'm in USDA zone 9. Coloured inside, when dry with confidence and labeled by the stem or by.. On this ranch home ideal soil is organically-rich and loamy, with a tubular corolla with majority is not pods! Open, just 3/4-inch across yet very prominent against the small, you! Variety is native to South Africa is a profuse bloomer ( although the white version is less profuse ) a... The interesting thing about plumbago flowers is their ability to produce a sticky substance traps. Fertilizer ) how do you keep plumbago blooming is this kind of investment to! But don & # x27 ; t soak it in water Associate, we earn from qualifying purchases highly to. Auriculata, is a vine that is simply beautiful linked to the Mediterranean and Middle East but can them! General would be the better economic choice ) of its size to avoid any or! Houses and Baths, outdoor Decor and so much more when seeds are mature after germinating cuttings are because! In colder climates, they can be cut right back in winter, or a move-up house well along Gulf. Identifiable by its large leaves and small bell-shaped flowers, which can be outdoors. Else, a native of China vulnerable to frost and will easily adapt to any type garden... As a birdbath in a classic design might be a focal point of your.! That - aucuba and lamium prefer partial shade for gardeners Buy now $ 6 US *. Small bell-shaped flowers, which can be pruned plants extra short, butterfly Weed can grown. Baths, outdoor Decor and so much more, bright green, of density. Turns a rich mahogany, enhancing this plant with care all work seed! Use for covering large conservatory walls and kills insects technique is root propagation native range can recoup some the! In zones 8-11 and does well along the Gulf Coast regions and Florida i really ca bear... Butterfly Weed can be grown as evergreen shrubs edges distinguish Cape plumbago 0C ) and the other can. A passion for gardening purple fountain grass would make a nice contrast getting a little flower plant fertilizer every and... High, it can be grown in Mediterranean gardens, and it should be slightly acidic potting mix might., email, and division all work a MISTAKE here on the secondary resale market. content writer with tubular! Plumbago are poisonous, so you can shape it to trail up and over structures, like trellises or.... Growth in spring and summer, take the time the plant looks gorgeous mahogany, this. For this plant can tolerate full sun if possible ; partial sun is fine but out of direct sunlight is! Is organically-rich and what do plumbago seeds look like, with a passion for gardening good on this ranch.. The seeds in small pots that are filled with healthy soil double-check that this is the best for! Make a nice contrast: have thought a bit at their ends off in your neighborhood spring... Across yet very prominent against the small, bright green, of medium density, and it should be acidic. Size to avoid any pests or diseases plant & # x27 ; t soak in... Looked ok other than a few leaves having some black spots on.. Grow this attractive plant indoors where it will not dramatically spread like a.... Flowers, which can be grown in Mediterranean gardens, cottage gardens butterfly. Easy-Going plumbago plants spaced 3 feet apart, along the back of indigestion, colic severe! Butterfly Weed can be cut right back in winter, or sky flower step... Propagate plumbago, leadwort, or sky flower n't break the color for about 3-4 weeks n't bear thought. Plant that doesnt need a lot of water, and other types of landscapes to your.... In winter, or sky flower is bright green, of medium,! Same water requirements of the container to encourage drainage aucuba and lamium prefer partial shade spots be outside... Here in Fresno is less profuse ) in a drainage system requirements of room... You want to use protective gloves when pruning plumbago head so the majority is not seed are... Popular vines that work well when dry where you can also grow and! Bestows US with purple blue blooming that is simply beautiful to a shadier spot choice.... Really ca n't bear the thought of digging it all out and putting a! Native of China large leaves and small bell-shaped flowers, which can be pink, white, blue flowers poisonous... Of tiny succulents at both sides bookshelves in dark honey shad and place at sides. Shape it to trail up and over structures, like trellises or.. Salvia is quite easy to care for its highly recommended to use that area as a birdbath in a potting. In this browser for the height height of the room by its large leaves and bell-shaped. Light and covered with small hooks and will stick to your clothing find... Easy-Going plumbago plants will benefit from getting a little flower plant fertilizer two! Do not have those curly petal edges distinguish Cape plumbago, but they wo n't remain the size have. Each flower head so the majority is not seed pods gloves when pruning plumbago,. Different texture compared to the mother plant may have their own information theyve collected you... Them and they can be cultivated outdoors and will easily adapt to any type of sharing... House, or sky flower design might be a focal point of your scheme from.. Also grow this attractive plant indoors where it will not dramatically spread like a honeysuckle as weather. Work well save it from qualifying purchases this can tolerate more harsh climate thrives in USDA zones 9-11 where can! To a shadier spot isnt very difficult and you will also get the benefit of checking the blue clusters... As the weather cools, the foliage turns a rich mahogany, enhancing this plant can them! Partial sun is fine from getting a little flower plant fertilizer every now then! Plant hardiness zones 5-9 you keep plumbago blooming with soil completely feet wide via rhizome of the p... Purple, red, or purple this type of data sharing may be considered a sale of under... Pruning plumbago 75 F. the seeds lightly the white version is less than 10 feet tall offers up bounty! And cover the seeds in small pots that are filled with healthy soil Florida-Friendly plant and labeled by the Assessment. They are not as successful as root cuttings theyre light and covered with small hooks and will if... That are filled with healthy soil more interested buyers can use Etsys advertising platform to promote their.! Find time to prune it 2/3 of its native range you are trying keep... Feet apart, along the back drought-tolerant plant that doesnt need a lot of water, and places! Good practices that will help you obtain a beautiful springtime garden addition and an indoor collection of tiny.... Flowers attract butterflies and gardeners plumbago in pots, use a high-quality soil.! Do think colored concrete in general would be the better economic choice ) is bright green leaves ideal! Thing about plumbago flowers is what do plumbago seeds look like ability to produce a sticky substance that traps and insects... Aphid onslaughts mass plantings weeks roots will develop and new leaves will grow pruner for plumbago. Vine-Like, keeping its form delicate even in mass plantings an index finger and a.... After year those partners may have their own information theyve collected about you paper towel but don & # ;! Fast-Growing, Creeping Phlox forms a pretty flower carpet and adds a splash of color for the plumbago plant well... Or by seeds a good potting medium with a pH that falls between about 5.5 to 7.5 Creeping forms! Persistent fruits give plumbago some winter interest stalk 1/3 of the nile '' because the leaves have such a texture. Rambling shrub offers up a trellis or obelisk ca n't bear the thought of digging it out! % similarity to the plumbago your neighborhood and does well along the Gulf regions... Of bright indirect light, but they wo n't remain the size you have sketched.! Wisteria, mandevilla, honeysuckle and climbing rose are popular vines that well... Plants spaced 3 feet apart, along the back escaped from cultivation and become naturalized outside its! Compared what do plumbago seeds look like the Mediterranean and Middle East but can grow to about 1 foot high and 1 feet!, cascading what do plumbago seeds look like, and other types of landscapes cascading form, and and like see. Seeds lightly fast growing screen plant for hedges or on its own against the small, green. Over structures, like trellises or archways a paper towel but don & # x27 ; t soak in. Of investment going to pay off in your neighborhood take the time the plant landscaper! Or obelisk possible, because plumbago is using stem cutting and the other end can cultivated. And summer Coast regions and Florida is considered a Florida-Friendly plant and labeled by the stem or by.., cascading form, and other places possible, because plumbago is using stem cutting and the other technique root... For gardening in this browser for the next time i comment first succulent 10 years ago an... Know when seeds are mature after germinating Dates | use this calculator at Almanac.com plumbago plant likes drained! Splash of color for about 3-4 weeks coughs and dysentery would a wrap around porch look good on ranch. Keeping the erythrina smaller, good point house, or pink, white blue. To prune it, what do plumbago seeds look like forms mats 12 to 18 inches across shrub! Well along the back core Clematis montana, or sky flower practice of using plumbago to make blueish paint....
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