The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. 14) was published and entitled Japanese Violations of the Laws of War. The report contained 28 pages of translations, each translation accompanied by a photostatic copy of the original document and authenticated under oath by the translator. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . This bombing operation was also the moment in the New Guinea campaign when Japanese air power no longer threatened the Allies. [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. Origins. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. Another document, captured on Luzon in early February, gave the Japanese 14th Army Operation Order of January 8th, bringing to light the plan of the Japanese Armys movement into Northern Luzon and the organization of the Shimbu group and its mission into Southern Luzon. 119 deals with the Japanese Military Police Service and Report No. [citation needed], Three factors conspired to create disaster for the Japanese. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . [34][35] During the same period, American air and naval forces sank many of the Japanese ships which were attempting to transport reinforcements to the Hollandia and Wewak areas; these attacks were guided by intelligence gained from breaking the Japanese codes. Also captured on January 19th was a radio chart that was used by I Corps Signal officers to gain highly satisfactory results in the monitoring of Japanese radio communications. Gen. Frank D. Merrill, captured 2 tons of documents at Myitkyina, Burma. This success was attributable to Milne Bay's Australian and US defenders together with the crews of the (mostly Dutch) merchantmen that had delivered vital supplies and reinforcements to the garrison. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. Seven LSTs were also assigned. On March 1, 1944, soldiers found on the body of the commander of Baba Battalion a copy of a field order issued by him in which he ordered an attack on American positions for that same afternoon. Through this, a complete picture of the organization, strength and disposition of this force was gleaned. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. After taking evasive routes to the west of the Admiralty Islands to avoid air attack,[42] the convoy turned back towards their objective late in the afternoon. [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. At the Quebec Conference in August 1943, the leaders of the Allied nations agreed to this change in strategy focusing on neutralizing Rabaul rather than capturing it.[50]. When Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, was captured in late April one of the first places CIC agents seized was the post office. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. During the early stages of the planning process MacArthur's headquarters believed that two Japanese infantry regiments may have been in the Hollandia area, but this was later discounted. Consequently, the volume of documents captured was very small, and was largely confined to those of a personal nature which individuals were apt to carry upon their persons. It began with the easy Japanese conquest of most of the north coast of the massive island. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. Possibly the most important translations published by the 6th Army ATIS Advanced Echelon in February 1945, were files of orders of the Japanese 58th Independent Mixed Brigade. New Guinean porters carry a load through the jungle. [21], Although RAAF PBY Catalinas and Lockheed Hudsons were based at Port Moresby, because of the Japanese air attacks, long-range bombers like B-17s, B-25s, and B-26s could not be safely based there and were instead staged through from bases in Australia. [39] It is indicative of the extent to which Japanese ambitions had fallen at this point in the war that a 50% loss of ground troops aboard ship was considered acceptable. [28][29] Secondary landings would take place Aitape, 125 miles to the east, at the same time as those around Hollandia. They included: No. Combat boundaries were listed. The first major collection of captured Japanese documents in the Pacific Theater was made in August 1942 when the 1st Marine Raider Battalion, under Col. Evans Carlson and Lt. Col. James Roosevelt, made a harassing raid on Makin Island in the Gilberts. MacArthur's plan was bold, as it involved making a large amphibious landing deep behind the front lines in New Guinea. Just below the Equator, Biak stood as an outpost guarding the entrance to Cenderawasih (Geelvink) Bay and looking out across the ocean to the distant Philippines. Japans strategy in the Pacific and Southeast Asia, The Allied offensive in the Pacific, 1944, Casualties and the material cost of the Pacific War. Publication No. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. [15], The port and airfields were the base for units of the Japanese 2nd Army (General Fusatar Teshima) and the 6th Air Division of the 4th Air Army. 39 with Navy Operations, Plans and Orders (1941-1944). Key Terms Between the mountain ridge and the lake was a narrow plain where the Japanese had built a number of airfields; three had been constructed by April 1944 and a fourth was under construction. This deception effort proved successful. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. Instructions were issued to the assaulting forces personnel not to pocket captured documents as souvenirs but to turn them over to JICPOA personnel.[10]. Then began the grueling Kokoda Track campaign, a brutal experience for both the Japanese and Australian troops involved. In 1944, a CIC officer was detailed for liaison with ATIS for eventual duty as an instructor for CIC units. Miscellaneous identifications taken from documents captured in early November in the Pinamopoan Area, Leyte, gave the first indication of the Japanese 1st Divisions presence in this area. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. The Allied victories in 1943 set the stage for the strategic advances of 1944, but they did not determine the exact lines of attack. The attack force comprised 84,000 personnel, including 52,000 combat troops, 23,000 support personnel, and a naval task force of 200 vessels of 7th Fleets Task Force 77 under Rear Admiral Daniel Barbey. They were discontinued with the dissolution of the Philippine Island Research Section of ATIS on October 9, 1944. I am estimating that a cubic foot of records is 2,500 pages. In New Guinea, U.S. and Australian infantry were moving along the northern coast, pushing the Japanese before them. The Japanese at Rabaul and other bases on New Britain would have easily overwhelmed any such effort (by mid-September, MacArthur's entire naval force under Vice Admiral Arthur S. Carpender consisted of 5 cruisers, 8 destroyers, 20 submarines, and 7 small craft). Late in the summer, Lieut. Late in June, an officers notebook captured at Mokmer, Dutch New Guinea on June 11th, contained a sketch showing strength and company dispositions surrounding the airfield. The campaign resulted in a crushing defeat and heavy losses for the Empire of Japan. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. Opposing these forces were the Australian 2/5th, 2/6th and 2/7th Battalions along with Lieutenant Colonel Norman Fleay's Kanga Force. This was done to fool the Japanese into believing that the documents had not been discovered by the Allies. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly known as Dutch New Guinea. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. 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